Perbedaan Present Perfect Tense dengan Simple Past Tense

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
(+) S + HAVE/ HAS + VERB 3 + O
Yuwono has bought car
(-) S + HAVE/ HAS + NOT + VERB 3 + O
Yuwono has not bought car
(?) HAVE/HAS + S + V3 + O?
Has Yuwono bought car
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
(+)S + VERB 2 + O + ADVERB OF TIME (keterangan waktu)
Beni went to Jogja yesterday
(-)S + DID + NOT + V1 + O +ADVERB OF TIME
Beni did not go to Jogja yesterday
(?)DID + S + V 1 + O + ADVERB OF TIME
Did Beni go to Jogja yesterday?
Secara rumus, memang penyusunan kalimat present perfect tense dan simple past tense sangat berbeda, jika dalam present perfect tense kita menggunakan Verb 3 (kata kerja bentuk ketiga), sedangkan dalam simple past tense kita menggunakan Verb 2 (kata kerja bentuk kedua).
sedangkan maknanya, jika kalimat ini diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia, kalimat yang mempunyai bentuk tenses present perfect tense dan simple present tense mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu: sudah atau telah.
Contoh:
I have eaten bread : saya telah makan nasi
I ate bread yesterday: saya telah makan nasi kemarin
Terkadang kita bingung kapan kita kita harus menggunakan simple present tense, kapan kita menggunakan simple past tense. Jika ingin membuat suatu kalimat yang kita tidak tahu atau tidak disertai dengan keterangan waktu maka kita menyusunnya menggunakan bentuk present perfect tense, sedangkan jika kita mengetahui keterangan waktunya, maka kita menggunakan simple past tense.
Jadi, perbedaan antara present perfect tense dan simple past tense hanya penggunaan keterangan waktu saja. present perfect tense tidak ada keterangan waktu secara jelas. sedangkan simple past tense, ada keterangan waktu lampau yang jelas. 
Sumber :
http://id.shvoong.com/writing-and-speaking/presenting/2103555-perbedaan-present-perfect-tense-dan/

Present Perfect tense menyampaikan bahwa sesuatu SUDAH terjadi, lebih menekankan pada suatu “kegiatan” yang sudah terjadi. Contoh: I’ve eaten. I’ve met her. Past Tense menyampaikan bahwa sesuatu terjadi di WAKTU LAMPAU, lebih menekankan pada waktu kejadian. contoh: I met her last week. 1. simple past tense dipakai saat keterangan waktunya sudah selesai, sedangkan present perfect dipakai saat keterangan waktunya belum selesai/masih berlanjut. Contoh: I bought 3 books last week. (simple past-last week sudah berlalu) I have bought 3 books this week. (present perfect-this week belum berlalu, masih berlangsung) 2. simple past dipakai untuk memberitahu kejadian yg sudah lama, sedangkan present perfect untuk memberitahu kejadian yg baru saja terjadi. Contoh: He finished his school last month. (simple past-sudah lama lulus) He has finished his school. (present perfect-baru aja lulus) 3. simple past keterangan waktunya jelas, sedangkan present perfect keterangan waktunya kurang jelas. Contoh: I went to the library last night. (simple past-ket.waktu:last night) I have gone to the library. (present perfect-tidak jelas ket. waktunya) 4. present perfect menggunakan 'for' dan 'since' saat kegiatannya masih berlanjut. Contoh: I have lived in London for 3 years. (present perfect-masih berlangsung, sekarang pun masih di London) I have lived in London since 1990. (sampai sekarang masih tinggal di London) Sumber : http://belajaringgriscepat.blogspot.com/2008/12/perbedaan-simple-past-tense-dengan.html http://englishtips4u.com/2011/11/13/engclass-present-perfect-tense-vs-simple-past-tense

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Perbedaan Present Perfect Tense dengan Simple Past Tense Present Perfect tense menyampaikan bahwa sesuatu SUDAH terjadi, lebih menekankan pada suatu “kegiatan” yang sudah terjadi. Contoh: I’ve eaten. I’ve met her. Past Tense menyampaikan bahwa sesuatu terjadi di WAKTU LAMPAU, lebih menekankan pada waktu kejadian. contoh: I met her last week. 1. simple past tense dipakai saat keterangan waktunya sudah selesai, sedangkan present perfect dipakai saat keterangan waktunya belum selesai/masih berlanjut. Contoh: I bought 3 books last week. (simple past-last week sudah berlalu) I have bought 3 books this week. (present perfect-this week belum berlalu, masih berlangsung) 2. simple past dipakai untuk memberitahu kejadian yg sudah lama, sedangkan present perfect untuk memberitahu kejadian yg baru saja terjadi. Contoh: He finished his school last month. (simple past-sudah lama lulus) He has finished his school. (present perfect-baru aja lulus) 3. simple past keterangan waktunya jelas, sedangkan present perfect keterangan waktunya kurang jelas. Contoh: I went to the library last night. (simple past-ket.waktu:last night) I have gone to the library. (present perfect-tidak jelas ket. waktunya) 4. present perfect menggunakan 'for' dan 'since' saat kegiatannya masih berlanjut. Contoh: I have lived in London for 3 years. (present perfect-masih berlangsung, sekarang pun masih di London) I have lived in London since 1990. (sampai sekarang masih tinggal di London) Sumber : http://belajaringgriscepat.blogspot.com/2008/12/perbedaan-simple-past-tense-dengan.html http://englishtips4u.com/2011/11/13/engclass-present-perfect-tense-vs-simple-past-tense/

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Adjective Clause

Adjective clause, adalah bagian yang sangat penting di dalam bahasa Inggris. Untuk banyak kalimat dan paragraf, kita sangat mungkin menggunakan adjective clause secara berkelanjutan. Sejatinya, apa yang dimaksud dengan adjective clause? Sama-sama yuk kita lihat pembahasannya mulai dari awal. Pertama, simak dulu penjelasan kalimat bahasa Indonesia yang ada di bawah ini.

Wanita yang memakai topi biru adalah ibu saya.

Kalimat di atas, terdiri dari dua bentuk kalimat yaitu:

Wanita memakai topi biru.

Wanita itu adalah ibu saya.

Dua kalimat yang saya pisahkan tadi, digabung menjadi satu bukan? Kemudian, untuk menggabungkan dua klausa tersebut, Anda menggunakan adjective clause. Penggunaan adjective clause ditAndai dengan kata who, which, whom, where, when, dan that. Jika dalam bahasa inggris, maka kalimat bahasa Indonesia yang ada di atas, menjadi, The woman who wears the blue hat is my mother (perempuan yang memakai topi biru adalah ibu saya). Kalimat who wears the blue hat (yang memakai topi biru) itu adalah sebuah contoh adjective clause. Berikut beberapa contoh lainnya:

1. The girl who is standing next to me is my girlfriend. (Gadis yang berdiri disebelah adalah pacarku)
2. Our house, yang mempunyai pintu berwarna biru, mempunyai nilai sejarah begitu banyak.)
3. People whose car parked there should move it outside. (Orang yang mobilnya diparkir disana harus memindahkannya keluar)
4. You will not find the boy whom I hit yesterday. (Kamu tidak akan menemukan pria yang saya pukul kemarin.)

Ada beberapa bentuk dari adjective clause. Satu demi satu, akan dijelaskan melalui kalimat-kalimat berikut ini.

Who

Digunakan untuk menjelaskan action dari hal yang dibicarakan dalam kalimat.

1. The girl who is standing at the door is my sister. (Gadis yang sedang berdiri di pintu itu adalah saudara perempuanku.)
2. The students who get the good score will be sent to the Olympiad. (Siswa yang mendapatkan nilai baik akan dikirim ke olimpiade.)
3. My teacher who is really horrible got married two days ago. (Guruku yang begitu galak menikah dua hari yang lalu.)
4. I know the boy who is talking to her. (Saya mengenal lelaki yang sedang berbicara dengannya.)

Which

Digunakan untuk menjelaskan suatu benda secara lebih jauh.

1. Pizza, which comes from Italy, actually is not really healthy for us. (Pizza, yang berasal dari Italia, sebenarnya merupakan makanan yang tidak terlalu sehat untuk kita.)
2. All of our books, which are lost, are not necessary. (Semua buku kami yang hilang sebenarnya tidak begitu penting.)
3. The apple, which is red and green, is the healthy fruit. (Apel yang mempunyai warna merah dan hijau, merupakan buah yang sehat.)

Whose

Whose digunakan untuk menunjukkan kepemilikan terhadap suatu benda.

1. The students whose names are written on the list should meet the teacher. (Siswa yang namanya tertulis dalam daftar harus menemui guru.)
2. I will meet my father whose advice I can trust. (Saya akan menemui ayah saya yang nasihatnya bisa saya percaya.)
3. They know the person whose car was broken last night. (Mereka mengenal orang yang mobilnya rusak tadi malam.)

Whom

Whom selalu berkaitan dengan penjelasan mengenai objek. Berbeda dengan who yang memberikan penjelasan bahwa seseorang melakukan sesuatu. Whom menjelaskan seseorang yang pasif serta dijadikan sebagai objek dalam kalimat.

1. I do not know the girl whom you invite. (Saya tidak tahu siapa gadis yang kamu undang.)
2. They cannot find the girl whom you saw last week. (Mereka tidak dapat menemukan gadis yang kamu lihat minggu lalu.)
3. His company hires the man whom we interviewed last Saturday. (Perusahaannya mempekerjakan seseorang yang kita wawancarai sabtu lalu.)

That

Digunakan untuk menjelaskan suatu benda secara lebih jauh. Hampir sama dengan which. Kendati demikian, keduanya amat berbeda. Perbedaan lengkapnya akan dibahas pada artikel berikutnya.

1. The building that I work is blue. (Bangunan tempat saya bekerja berwarna biru.)
2. The students that are busy in the class have been placed outside. (Siswa yang rebut di dalam kelas disetrap di luar.)
3. The student that reaches the highest score will be given a medal. (Siswa yang meraih nilai tertinggi akan diberikan medali.)

Where

Digunakan untuk menyatakan tempat sesuai dengan konteks kalimat yang ada.

1. The place where I was born has been changed to the large buildings. (Tempat dimana saya lahir telah diubah menjadi bangunan-bangunan tinggi.)
2. I love the beach where you brought me last year. (Saya menyukai pantai dimana kamu mengajak saya tahun lalu.)
3. They remember the place where you got an accident. (Mereka ingat tempat dimana kamu kecelakaan.)

When

Digunakan untuk menjelaskan waktu terkait dengan konteks kalimat yang ada.

1. It was wonderful when I saw your smile. (Sangat mengagumkan ketika saya melihat senyumanmu.)
2. I can’t remember the day when you were born. (Saya tidak mampu mengingat hari saat kamu lahir.)
3. 1945 is the year when Indonesia got the independence. (1945 adalah tahun ketika Indonesia merdeka.)

sumber :
http://www.caramudahbelajarbahasainggris.net/2013/09/penjelasan-mengenai-adjective-clause-dalam-bahasa-inggris.html

Simple past tense

The Simple Past Tense, often just called the Past Tense, is easy to use in English.
If you already know how to use the Present Tense, then the Past Tense will be easy.
In general, the Past Tense is used to talk about something that started and finished at a definite time in the past.

How to form the Past Tense in English

The main rule is that for every verb in English, there is only one form of it in the past tense.
(The exception is the Past tense of To Be, which has two forms: was and were)
This is totally different from other languages such as Spanish, French, Italian etc. where you change the verb ending for every subject.
For example: The past tense of the verb want is wanted.
Wanted is used as the past tense for all subjects/pronouns.

• I wanted
• You wanted
• He wanted
• She wanted
• It wanted
• We wanted
• They wanted

So you just have to learn one word to be able to use it in the past tense. In this case we just needed to learn the one word wanted which can be used for all subjects (or people).

Past Tense Regular Verbs

To change a regular verb into its past tense form, we normally add –ED to the end of the verb.

• play – played
• cook – cooked
• rain – rained
• wait – waited

There are some exceptions with a slight change in spelling which you can see here:
Spelling of words ending in ED.

Examples of sentences using regular verbs in the past tense

• Last night I played my guitar loudly and the neighbors complained.
• She kissed me on the cheek.
• It rained yesterday.
• Angela watched TV all night.
• John wanted to go to the museum.

Note: There are three different ways of pronouncing the –ed at the end of a verb in the past tense.
We recommend reading our guide about the pronunciation of –ED at the end of words.

Negative sentences in the Past Tense

We use didn't (did not) to make a negative sentence in the past tense.
This is for regular AND irregular verbs in English.
(Exception is To Be and Modal Verbs such as Can)
Compare the following:
Present: They don't live in Canada.
Past: They didn't live in Canada.
The main verb (live in the example above) is in its base form (of the infinitive). The auxiliary DIDN'T shows that the sentence is negative AND in the past tense.
NOTICE: The only difference between a negative sentence in the present tense and a negative sentence in the past tense is the change in the auxiliary verb.
Both don't and doesn't in the present tense become didn't in the past tense.
Compare the negative sentences in the examples below:
Present: You don't need a mechanic.
Past: You didn't need a mechanic.
Present: You don't walk to work.
Past: You didn't walk to work.
Present: He doesn't speak Japanese.
Past: He didn't speak Japanese.

Examples of negative sentences in the Past Tense

• I didn't want to go to the dentist.
• She didn't have time.
• You didn't close the door.
• He didn't come to my party.
• They didn't study so they didn't pass the test.
• We didn't sleep well last night.

• Questions in the Past Tense

  We use did to make a question in the past tense.
  This is for regular AND irregular verbs in English.
  (Exception is To Be and Modal Verbs such as Can)
  Compare the following:
  Present: Do they live in France?
  Past: Did they live in France?
  The main verb (live in the example above) is in its base form (of the infinitive). The auxiliary DID shows that the question is in the past tense.
  NOTICE: The only difference between a question in the present tense and a question in the past tense is the change in the auxiliary verb.
  Both Do and Does in present tense questions become Didn't in past tense questions.
  Compare the questions in the examples below:
  Present: Do you need a doctor?
  Past: Did you need a doctor?
  Present: Do you ride your bike to work?
  Past: Did you ride your bike to work?
  Present: Does he live in Italy?
  Past: Did he live in Italy?
  We can also use a question word (Who, What, Why etc.) before DID to ask for more information.
  
• Did you study? – Yes, I did.
  
• When did you study? – I studied last night.
  
• Where did you study? – I studied at the library.

Read more about short answers in the past tense.

Examples of Questions in the Past Tense

• Did you go to work yesterday?
• Did they arrive on time?
• Did she like the surprise?
• Where did she go?
• What did you do yesterday?
• What did you say? - I didn't say anything.
• Why did we have to come?

Irregular Verbs in the Past Tense

Irregular verbs are ONLY irregular in affirmative/positive sentences.
(An exception to this is with the verb TO BE in the Past Tense).
For example: The past tense of GO is WENT.
It does not end in –ED so it is considered irregular.
The word went is used for all subjects – I, you, we, they, he, she, it.

• I went to the beach
• He went to the park.
• She went to the zoo.
• They went to the library.

BUT, as we mentioned before, it is only in its irregular form (went) in sentences that are affirmative/positive.
Compare the following using GO in the past tense.

• They went to the beach
• They didn't go to the beach --- Didn't shows that we are talking in the past tense.
• Did they go to the beach? --- Did shows that we are talking in the past tense.

Another example with an irregular verb.
The past of EAT is ATE.

• You ate my cake.
• You didn't eat my cake.
• Did you eat my cake? 

SUMBER :
http://www.grammar.cl/english/past-tense.htm

sumber

 : http://www.grammar.cl/Present/Simple.htm

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